Existe uma evidência crescente de que a distribuição de tecido adiposo no corpo é de importância para o desenvolvimento das complicações metabólicas da obesidade. O tecido adiposo como um órgão endócrino se tornou aceito com as propriedades biológicas distintas de tecido adiposo visceral, presumivelmente, contribuindo para o aumento de patogenicidade de obesidade. Existem terapêuticas Off-label, mas não existe terapia específica para esteatose. A síndrome metabólica ou síndrome X é uma constelação de fatores de risco cardiovasculares relacionados estreitamente e caracterizados pela obesidade, resistência à insulina, hiperinsulinemia, hiperglicemia, dislipidemia, hipertensão. Sua base patológica ainda permanece indefinida. Muitas vezes associada à insensibilidade à insulina, a obesidade é considerada um fator chave para o desenvolvimento da síndrome metabólica. Em indivíduos obesos, o tecido gordo torna-se insensível à ação da insulina, resultando em maior desagregação de triglicérides. A superabundância de circulação de ácidos gordos livres a partir de adiposidade excessiva contribui para o desenvolvimento de resistência à insulina. Ao atingir os tecidos sensíveis à insulina, os ácidos gordos em excesso criam resistência à insulina pela disponibilidade do substrato adicionado e modificando a sinalização a jusante. A liberação de proteohormônios derivados de tecidos adiposos chamados adipocitoquinas também está sob a influência de insulina. Em condições normais de peso, adipocinas asseguram a homeostase da glicose e do metabolismo lipídico. A sua produção desregulada no estado obeso está associada com a resistência à insulina e parece desempenhar um papel importante no desenvolvimento da síndrome metabólica. A resistência à leptina, uma adipocitocina importante tem sido sugerida como um conceito alternativo para explicar a síndrome metabólica.
Em geral, condições como a obesidade, em que a deficiência de leptina ou de resistência à leptina estão presentes e associados com o acúmulo de triglicerídeos em órgãos não adiposos como o fígado, músculo, pâncreas, leva à lipotoxicidade nesses órgãos resultando em diabetes por causa da resistência à insulina. A leptina também parece reduzir a secreção de insulina.
ABDOMINAL, VISCERAL AND CENTRAL OBESITY AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN CONNECTION WITH NON ALCHOOLIC STEATO HEPATITIS.
ABDOMINAL, VISCERAL AND CENTRAL OBESITY AND NON ALCOHOLIC STEATO HEPATITIS (NASH): CONSULTING THE ROLE OF PROGRESSION OF DISEASE IN ADIPOKINES NON ALCOHOLIC FAT LIVER DISEASE REPRESENTS A SPECTRUM OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS WHICH VARY FROM STEATOSIS ALONE FOR NON ALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS (NASH), WITH RISK OF PROGRESS FOR DIFFERENT CIRRHOSIS AND CANCER HEPATOCELLULAR. PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY-NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY-GENETICS-ENDOCRINE-PEDIATRICS (SUBDIVISION OF ENDOCRINOLOGY): DR. JOÃO SANTOS CAIO JR. ET DRA. HENRIQUETA VERLANGIERI CAIO.
There is increasing evidence that NAFLD complicates not only obesity but also perpetuates the metabolic consequences. Critical event leading to progressive liver injury in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is unknown. Obesity reflects the general pro-inflammatory state with its increase in inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, PAI-1, TNF-α, and hepatocyte growth factor. Increased production of these adipokines is increasingly seen to be important in the development of diseases related to obesity and metabolic syndrome. Disordered cytokine production is likely to play a role in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). There is no effective treatment for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), although the weight loss can halt and reverse progression of the disease histological changes, the underlying mechanism elusive balance. All stages of the course of the disease from prevention, early identification/diagnosis and treatment require an understanding of the pathogenesis of liver injury in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
With the rapid growth of obesity prevalence worldwide, morbidity and mortality related to its complications is on the rise. Obesity is considered a gateway disease. Defined and classified by body mass index (BMI), individuals with severe obesity have a disproportionately high risk of co-morbidities, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cardiovascular disease, diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) now is the most common of all diseases of the liver and the most common cause of chronic liver disease. It is a syndrome with multifactorial etiology with obesity is most commonly associated. Obesity itself is usually a heterogeneous condition due to the regional distribution of adipose tissue. There is growing evidence that the distribution of adipose tissue in the body is of importance for the development of metabolic complications of obesity. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ has become accepted in the distinctive biological properties of visceral adipose tissue, presumably contributing to the increased pathogenicity of obesity. Off-label therapy exists but there is no specific therapy for steatosis. Syndrome X or metabolic syndrome is a constellation of cardiovascular risk factors related closely, characterized by obesity, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension. His pathological basis still remains undefined. Often associated with insulin insensitivity, obesity is considered a key factor in the development of metabolic syndrome. In obese individuals, fat tissue becomes insensitive to insulin, resulting in greater breakdown of triglycerides. Overabundance of circulating free fatty acids from excess adiposity contributes to the development of insulin resistance. To achieve the insulin sensitive tissues, excess fatty acid insulin resistance by creating availability of the substrate added and modifying downstream signaling.
The release of adipose derived proteohormones called adipokine is also under the influence insulin tissues. In normal weight conditions, adipokines ensure glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism. Its unregulated production in the obese state is associated with resistance to insulin and appears to play a role in the development of metabolic syndrome. The leptin resistance, an important adipokine has been suggested as an alternative concept to explain the metabolic syndrome. In general, conditions such as obesity, wherein the leptin deficiency or resistance are present or are associated with the accumulation of triglycerides in adipose not organs such as liver, muscle, pancreas. The resulting lipotoxicity these organs results in diabetes due to insulin resistance. Leptin also appears to reduce insulin secretion.
Dr. João Santos Caio Jr.
Endocrinologia – Neuroendocrinologista
CRM 20611
Dra. Henriqueta V. Caio
Endocrinologista – Medicina Interna
CRM 28930
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AUTORIZADO O USO DOS DIREITOS AUTORAIS COM CITAÇÃO
DOS AUTORES PROSPECTIVOS ET REFERÊNCIA BIBLIOGRÁFICA.
Referências Bibliográficas:
Caio Jr, João Santos, Dr.; Endocrinologista, Neuroendocrinologista, Caio,H. V., Dra. Endocrinologista, Medicina Interna – Van Der Häägen Brazil, São Paulo, Brasil; Powell EE, Cooksley WG, Hanson R, Searle J, Halliday JW, Powell LW. The natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a follow-up study of forty-two patients for up to 21 years. Hepatology.1990;11:74–80; Farrell GC. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: what is it, and why is it important in the Asia-Pacific region? J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003;18:124–138; McCullough AJ. The epidermiology and risk factors of NASH. In: Farrell GC, George J, Hall P, McCullough AJ, editors. Fatty liver disease. NASH and related disorders. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing; 2005. pp. 23–37; Omagari K, Kadokawa Y, Masuda J, Egawa I, Sawa T, Hazama H, Ohba K, Isomoto H, Mizuta Y, Hayashida K, et al. Fatty liver in non-alcoholic non-overweight Japanese adults: incidence and clinical characteristics. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2002;17:1098–1105; Fan JG, Zhu J, Li XJ, Chen L, Lu YS, Li L, Dai F, Li F, Chen SY. Fatty liver and the metabolic syndrome among Shanghai adults. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;20:1825–1832; Lai SW, Tan CK, Ng KC. Epidemiology of fatty liver in a hospital-based study in Taiwan. South Med J.2002;95:1288–1292; Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) JAMA. 2001;285:2486–2497; Harrison SA, Neuschwander-Tetri BA. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.Clin Liver Dis. 2004;8:861–879, ix; Bacon BR, Farahvash MJ, Janney CG, Neuschwander-Tetri BA. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: an expanded clinical entity. Gastroenterology. 1994;107:1103–1109; Angulo P, Keach JC, Batts KP, Lindor KD. Independent predictors of liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology. 1999;30:1356–1362; Wong VW, Chan HL, Hui AY, Chan KF, Liew CT, Chan FK, Sung JJ. Clinical and histological features of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Hong Kong Chinese. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;20:45–49.
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